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Abstract The ICARUS-T600 Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber is operating at Fermilab at shallow depth and thus exposed to a high flux of cosmic rays that can fake neutrino interactions. A cosmic ray tagging (CRT) system (∼ 1100 m²), surrounding the cryostat with two layers of fiber embedded plastic scintillators, was developed to mitigate the cosmic ray induced background. Using nanosecond-level timing information, the CRT can distinguish incoming cosmic rays from outgoing particles from neutrino interactions in the TPC. In this paper an overview of the CRT system, its installation and commissioning at Fermilab, and its performance are discussed. 

This search for magnetic monopoles (MMs) and high electric charge objects (HECOs) with spins 0, $1/2$, and 1, uses for the first time the full MoEDAL detector, exposed to $6.46{\mathrm{fb}}^{-1}$proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV. The results are interpreted in terms of Drell-Yan and photon-fusion pair production. Mass limits on direct production of MMs of up to 10 Dirac magnetic charges and HECOs with electric charge in the range $10e$to $400e$, were achieved. The charge limits placed on MM and HECO production are currently the strongest in the world. MoEDAL is the only LHC experiment capable of being directly calibrated for highly ionizing particles using heavy ions and with a detector system dedicated to definitively measuring magnetic charge. Published by the American Physical Society2025 

We report on a search for magnetic monopoles (MMs) produced in ultraperipheral Pb-Pb collisions during Run 1 of the LHC. The beam pipe surrounding the interaction region of the CMS experiment was exposed to $184.07\mathrm{\mu }{\mathrm{b}}^{-1}$of Pb-Pb collisions at 2.76 TeV center-of-mass energy per collision in December 2011, before being removed in 2013. It was scanned by the MoEDAL experiment using a SQUID magnetometer to search for trapped MMs. No MM signal was observed. The two distinctive features of this search are the use of a trapping volume very close to the collision point and ultrahigh magnetic fields generated during the heavy-ion run that could produce MMs via the Schwinger effect. These two advantages allowed setting the first reliable, world-leading mass limits on MMs with high magnetic charge. In particular, the established limits are the strongest available in the range between 2 and 45 Dirac units, excluding MMs with masses of up to 80 GeV at a 95% confidence level. Published by the American Physical Society2024 

We present a search for long-lived particles (LLPs), produced in kaon decays, that decay to two muons inside the ICARUS neutrino detector. This channel would be a signal of hidden sector models that can address outstanding issues in particle physics such as the strong CP problem and the microphysical origin of dark matter. The search is performed with data collected in the Neutrinos at the Main Injector (NuMI) beam at Fermilab corresponding to $2.41\times {10}^{20}$protons-on-target. No new physics signal is observed, and we set world leading limits on heavy QCD axions, as well as for the Higgs portal scalar among dedicated searches. Limits are also presented in a model-independent way applicable to any new physics model predicting the process $K\to \pi +S(\to \mu \mu )$, for a LLP $S$. This result is the first search for new physics performed with the ICARUS detector at Fermilab. It paves the way for the future program of LLP searches at ICARUS. Published by the American Physical Society2025 

Abstract This paper reports on a measurement of electron-ion recombination in liquid argon in the ICARUS liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC). A clear dependence of recombination on the angle of the ionizing particle track relative to the drift electric field is observed. An ellipsoid modified box (EMB) model of recombination describes the data across all measured angles. These measurements are used for the calorimetric energy scale calibration of the ICARUS TPC, which is also presented. The impact of the EMB model is studied on calorimetric particle identification, as well as muon and proton energy measurements. Accounting for the angular dependence in EMB recombination improves the accuracy and precision of these measurements. 

Abstract The ICARUS liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) neutrino detector has been taking physics data since 2022 as part of the Short-Baseline Neutrino (SBN) Program. This paper details the equalization of the response to charge in the ICARUS time projection chamber (TPC), as well as data-driven tuning of the simulation of ionization charge signals and electronics noise. The equalization procedure removes non-uniformities in the ICARUS TPC response to charge in space and time. This work leverages the copious number of cosmic ray muons available to ICARUS at the surface. The ionization signal shape simulation applies a novel procedure that tunes the simulation to match what is measured in data. The end result of the equalization procedure and simulation tuning allows for a comparison of charge measurements in ICARUS between Monte Carlo simulation and data, showing good performance with minimal residual bias between the two. 

Abstract A search for highly electrically charged objects (HECOs) and magnetic monopoles is presented using 2.2 $$\hbox {fb}{^{-1}}$$ fb - 1 of $$p-p$$ p - p collision data taken at a centre of mass energy (E $$_{CM}$$ CM ) of 8 TeV by the MoEDAL detector during LHC’s Run-1. The data were collected using MoEDAL’s prototype Nuclear Track Detectord array and the Trapping Detector array. The results are interpreted in terms of Drell–Yan pair production of stable HECO and monopole pairs with three spin hypotheses (0, 1/2 and 1). The search provides constraints on the direct production of magnetic monopoles carrying one to four Dirac magnetic charges and with mass limits ranging from 590 GeV/c $$^{2}$$ 2 to 1 TeV/c $$^{2}$$ 2 . Additionally, mass limits are placed on HECOs with charge in the range 10 e to 180 e , where e is the charge of an electron, for masses between 30 GeV/c $$^{2}$$ 2 and 1 TeV/c $$^{2}$$ 2 . 

The Cosmic Dawn Survey (DAWN survey) provides multiwavelength (UV/optical to mid-IR) data across the combined 59 deg²of the Euclid Deep and Auxiliary fields (EDFs and EAFs). In this work, the first public data release from the DAWN survey is presented. The catalogues made available herein consist of a subset of the full DAWN survey that includes two EDFs: EDF North (EDF-N) and EDF Fornax (EDF-F). Each field has been covered by the ongoing Hawaii Twenty Square Degree Survey (H20), which includes imaging from the CFHT MegaCam in theufilter and from the Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) in thegrizfilters. Each field has been further covered bySpitzer/IRAC 3.6–4.5µm imaging spanning 10 deg²and reaching ~25 mag AB (5σ). All present H20 imaging and all publicly available imaging from the aforementioned facilities were combined with the deepSpitzer/IRAC data to create source catalogues spanning a total area of 16.87 deg²in EDF-N and 2.85 deg²in EDF-F for this first release. These catalogues are referred to as the ‘pre-launch’ (PL), asEucliddata is not yet public for these fields and therefore it is not included. Photometry was measured from these multiwavelength data usingThe Farmer, a novel and well validated model-based photometry code. Photometric redshifts and stellar masses were computed using two independent codes for modelling spectral energy distributions:EAZYandLePhare. Photometric redshifts show good agreement with spectroscopic redshifts (σ_NMAD~ 0.5,η <8% ati< 25). Number counts, photometric redshifts and stellar masses were further validated in comparison to the COSMOS2020 catalogue. The DAWN survey PL catalogues are designed to be of immediate use in these two EDFs and will be continuously updated and made available as both new ground-based data and spaced-based data fromEuclidare acquired and made public. Future data releases will provide catalogues of all EDFs and EAFs and includeEucliddata. 

Euclidwill provide deep near-infrared (NIR) imaging to ∼26.5 AB magnitude over ∼59 deg²in its deep and auxiliary fields. The Cosmic DAWN survey combines dedicated and archival UV–NIR observations to provide matched depth multiwavelength imaging of theEucliddeep and auxiliary fields. The DAWN survey will provide consistently measuredEuclidNIR-selected photometric catalogues, accurate photometric redshifts, and measurements of galaxy properties to a redshift ofz ∼ 10. The DAWN catalogues includeSpitzerIRAC data that are critical for stellar mass measurements atz ≳ 2.5 and high-zscience. These catalogues complement the standardEuclidcatalogues, which will not includeSpitzerIRAC data. In this paper, we present an overview of the survey, including the footprints of the survey fields, the existing and planned observations, and the primary science goals for the combined data set.